Process Analysis Essay on Fuel Prices Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Process Analysis on Fuel Prices - Essay Example On the other hand, my third essay sought to convince the audience to support my view of increasing fuel prices to curb global warming. I did this by specifically demonstrating the benefits of increasing fuel prices in America. Actually, to relevantly address different audiences, change the purpose of the paper, change the message of the second essay, and remain in the right context, these adjustments were necessary. Such adjustments include a change in my introduction on my second essay, diction, and style of writing (Trinity College of the Bible Web). The adjustments, therefore, enabled me to address a different audience, convey a different message, alter the context, and change the purpose of the paper. The adjustments reflected my rhetorical choices in my writing process. As a result, my writing was effective in informing and convincing my audience to support the increase in fuel prices for purposes of controlling global warming because of increased fuel emissions. This paper deta ils the reflection on my writing process and rhetorical analysis on my writing process from the controversy essay to public argument essay on increasing the fuel prices in America. Indeed, I was able to change the vision of my audience from a controversial point of view to a convincing position on the need to support the increase in fuel prices as a measure to control global warming. ...I equally used facts and background information to appeal to the academic audience in the introduction of the second essay. Nevertheless, to address a different audience that may not be that learned, it was necessary to change the introduction. After drawing the extent of the problem and the need for communal involvement, it was easy to change the vision of my audience by proposing my solution. However, I changed the introduction of the third essay by stating unconditionally the existence and adversity of global warming in the modern world to appeal to the different audience. Indeed, I the introducti on I addressed the audience directly through an open letter and giving them real examples like traffic jams, lateness to school or work, and power of purchasing foodstuffs in relation to increased fuel prices (Kelvin Web). This clearly identified with the audience and set the footing for the next essay. Indeed, I used the second essay to encourage the audience to reason with me as I equally identified with the controversies to the issue. Additionally, after drawing them from a broad view to a narrow view of the problem, I changed my writing style by addressing them through an open letter. This brought their attention to my assertion and the relevant examples on traffic snarls, lateness to school or work, changes in purchasing frequency appealed the different audience and thus the effectiveness of my writing. Hence, the introduction of the open letter strategy in essay 3 was to convince the different audience on the need for increased fuel prices. Indeed, it personalized the issue an d thus the follow-up to my claim.  

Treatment Programs for Criminals Essay Example for Free

Treatment Programs for Criminals Essay Research indicates that helping and guiding individuals who are regarded as criminals and abusers is a very hard task for an individual who is not well experienced due to an increase in crime as a result of various reasons that include poverty, misuse of drugs, and fighting for power among others. Many societies have come up with programs that enable the support of criminals without harsh conditionality. Since the society has developed a growing concern over the criminal behavior which is ever increasing, the justice system is urged to provide a delinquent preventive measure that will be aimed at preventing the young from indulging in criminal activities. Due to growing concerns over the increased number of criminals, countries have formulated programs that will ensure that the criminals involved are restored back to being good people in the society and in the process they have identified rehabilitation and counseling programs as the best way to nature them. As a result such programs play a major role in ensuring that these individuals will afterwards change and become productive members of the society (James and Richard, 2003). Rehabilitation normally involves the teaching and training the criminals who are addicted to a particular behavior to stop the defective behavior and try to become acceptable members of the society. Therefore under this, the society is given the responsibility of assisting these addicts or criminals by helping them to get hope through various programs that they will be educated thus helping them to heal their bodies and mind. The strengths associated with rehabilitation policies are that the criminals will achieve through these Programs education, which allows the offenders the opportunity to re-enter into the society as a responsible and productive citizen. For example, the people who undergo rehabilitation programs are normally allowed to receive counseling and guidance. For example, a rehabilitation program may involve the offenders in doing community work, such as cleaning the environment and activities that they think suits to the foundation of their interests. This will make them appreciate who they are and accept their presence and roles in the particular society (Gask and Usherwood, 2005). Strength for rehabilitating criminals is that there is always a collective supervision that is it will be able to provide an environment favorable enough to meet the special needs of the criminals which will help them to join the society newly as responsible and respected persons. However, rehabilitation is prone to some weaknesses which hinder the process of trying to help the offenders to be good and reliable people in the society. For example, the criminals or offenders subjected to rehabilitation programs feel isolated in the society and thus will not cooperate during the entire process. They view themselves as rejected people in the society who are treated cruelly and unjustly. These aspects make them to feel unworthy in the society and hence after the rehabilitation programs they don’t change but instead continue with bad behavior that they used to engage themselves in, indeed they become more hardened and thus becoming worse criminals. Also another weakness is lack of government support in supporting rehabilitation programs, for example laxity in funding the programs thus few criminals for instance the drug addicts and criminal offenders are subjected to such programs. (James and Richard, 2003) Counseling as a program is regarded as an essential tool in dealing with criminals who have been affected psychologically. This practice is usually used in helping this people to handle issues which are found to be causing factors of the psychological disorders. Occasionally, this practice requires skilled professionals who can deal with issues ranging from education, marriage, individuals and family matters. To do this the counseling professionals are therefore required to have the following in their practices in order to understand the person’s problems. The counselor should have good listening skills, empathy, and be genuine which will require the practitioner to tell the truth even if the subject matter is not that good to the criminal. Therefore one is required to bring out the truth in a way that the criminal will be able to handle and understand his situation; the counselor should give unconditional positive regard and also should have concreteness in providing any information about the problem. (Pham-Kanter, 2001) In this case of criminal cases, we find that many counselors indulge in a number of activities that usually assist the crime victims to come back to their normal status. The following are the methods that are used by the experienced counselors in order to resolve such issues; Therapeutic relationship; under this we find that a better relationship between the criminal and the counselor is established. The criminal is therefore required to build trust and safety on the counselor although sometimes it is argued that the victims finds it hard to build trust on the counselor thus they end up not giving full information about the causative factor of the crime. According to the counseling practices safety is considered as a leading factor to a safety therapeutic trauma work. In this case, the victim may be found to be having a number of characteristics that may hinder him from building trust and safety on the counselor. These factors may include personality temperament. We may also find that when the victim is found to have undergone a number of traumas, the chances of him or her building his trust on the counselor are always high (Eysenck and Hans, 1996). The other method used in counseling is the Dialectical Behavior Therapy which has an objective of dealing with individuals especially the criminals who are known to be suffering from the personality disorders. This therapy indicates that individuals are always found to be responding to the emotional stimulation not normally; this may come up as a result of biological factors and also the way the victim was brought up. This therapy is usually carried out in two forms; that is the weekly psychotherapist that involves the addressing issues that are said to have affected the individual during the week and also coming up with the best resolutions for such factors leading to the victims indulging in crimes. (Gask and Usherwood, 2005) The second form is the group therapy which is directed towards the handling of the interpersonal skills, the regulation of emotions and also enabling the individual to accept and also tolerate the disorder. The importance of the Dialectical Behavior Therapy is that it helps the criminals found to be suffering from the personality disorders to respond to such conditions positively and also bringing up a number of characteristics including that of self-esteem, having and looking for more goals in life and also learning of new methods of behaving. Cognitive way of therapy can also be used whereby it gives the criminal an opportunity to be optimistic and create reality in his prospects and thus reduction of depression. Cognitive therapy aid the dejected individual to be acquainted with life tribulations which are decisive and those that are of no importance which help him to come up with positive life objectives. Also problem solving therapy technique can be applied whereby the cause of depression is identified then it is solved to avoid further damage to the individual attacked. (James and Richard, 2003) Counseling plays a key role in treatment of psychological disorders and criminals with such disorders should be subjected to such programs in order to aid them to recover slowly from such attacks which may affect their lives. Counseling programs designed should be well formulated to address all the problems that the patients with such disorders are facing in the society in order to avoid the repeat of the attacks. These counseling services should be made easier in terms of getting access to it for example building counseling centers in all parts of the country. The relevant authorities should also chip in and offer the counseling services for free or at affordable rates to the members of the society. (Gask and Usherwood, 2005) Relapse prevention therapy can also be utilized to support the criminals to behave normally. It was originally designed as a maintenance program for replace victims. â€Å"RPT entails treatment of addictive behaviors which is used as stand-alone program that in most cases is designed to teach individuals to try and maintain changes initiated in the treatment process† (Pham-Kanter, 2001). Each person has an effective response system to cope with incidences of high risk situations but the problem is the guts to do so† (Pham-Kanter, 2001). Post-implementation survey on suitability of relapse prevention therapy has shown that relapse had decreased significantly as a result of the program. Pham-Kanter explains â€Å"RPT strategies are categorized to three groups; lifestyle modification, coping skills training and cognitive therapies†. â€Å"RPT strategies round up to both cognitive and behavioral techniques and approaches that provide victims of relapse with ways to reframe their habits once more and change processes in learning experiences with setbacks on how they can meet challenges of recovery† (Lorimar, 1999). Life modifications strategies include; exercise, spiritual practices, meditation among others. The professionals who are found to be taking care of the criminals should therefore provide education as a program for healing especially the school going children have to be taught on the repercussions of crime and also the use of drugs. It is a concern that crime is destroying the lives of many people in the world in general. The criminals will therefore be taught on the effects of indulging in crime and other practices like taking drugs because it is the drugs that influence them to engage in criminal activities such as gun crime (Gask and Usherwood, 2005). Drugs really affect the general mechanism of the human body. Sometimes individuals who have taken drugs like marijuana, cannabis, cocaine among others, cannot even go to work. The brain is adversely affected that when children take them their growth is adversely affected. When they know the adverse effects of taking these drugs, they will not desire to carry out crime. Nobody will desire to destroy the lives of their brothers and sisters. Education in this sector can be done both formally and informally i.e. in school and within the homesteads. It can be done informally through plays or video tapes. The media can be used to educate the general public on this issue and that is why operation trident is applauded for its work. This will help in eradicating the vice among the criminals. (James and Richard, 2003) Reference Pham-Kanter, G. (2001): Substance abuse and dependence. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine Second Edition Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, Pp 39-45 Lorimar, M. Palmer, R (1999): Relapse prevention: Overview of Marlette’s cognitive–behavioral model. Alcohol Research and Health, 23(2), 151–160. Ending The Revolving Door Of Crime and Creating Productive Lives Retrieved From: http://www.criminon.org/ Accessed on 1st august 2008 Eysenck and Hans J (1996)-Personality and Crime- Where do we stand Psychology, Crime and Law 2 pg123-134 Gask L and Usherwood T (2005) medical psychiatric issues for counselors London Retrieved from: http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/43/2/93 Accessed on 30th of July 2008 James, Q. and Richard, J. (2003): Crime and Human Nature New York Simon and Schuster pg

The Lives of Oprah Winfery and Malcolm X :: essays papers

The Lives of Oprah Winfery and Malcolm X The lives of Malcolm X and Oprah Winfery have some similarities's but mostly differences. The biggest similarities is that they are both very accomplished black American's. Malcolm X was a hustler, robber and a very messed up child. After going to jail he decided to turn his life around. In a few ways Oprah was the same way. She had struggled with her weight all of her life. Finally she decided to do something about it. When Malcolm was a child his family didn't have very much money. They lived in a run-down house with many brother's and sister's. To make matters worse, they were a black family. When he was about fifteen years old his father was run over by a cart. He was nearly cut in half! The police said it was an accident but, Malcolm and his family knew it wasn't. After his father died things went down hill. His mother was so upset by his death that she couldn't take care of her family. Malcolm started to hang out with the wrong people. He became a hustler, he would rob people for money and valuable things they owned. He also started to get into hard drugs during his teenage years. All of this led to him dropping out of school and his mom was put into a mental hospital. When he was seventeen years old he was arrested and put into jail. This was the start of his "new start". He started reading the dictionary! His speed increased incredibly. By reading the dictionary his vocabulary became much better so he started reading books. After serving 8-10 years in jail he got out and started to speak against racism. He was a very strong speaker, which many people, including some whites, listened to. He would always be talking about how the whites didn't treat them right and to fight against them. On February 21, 1965 Malcolm was speaking at a OAAU rally in Harlem and he was shot and killed. Oprah Winfery, a talk show producer and host, actress, and a very charitable person. She began her career in television when she was nineteen years old. She was the youngest and the first African-American woman to be a news anchor at Nashville's WTVF-TV. Nine years after her T.V. career took off she moved to Chicago to host a morning talk show, "A.M. Chicago" which became the number one rated talk show just a month after Oprah took over. In less than a year the show expanded into a hour long program and was renamed, "The Oprah Winfery

Treasure Island

Journals Writing about your favorite book If you are a fan of adventure books, Treasure Island is what you are looking for. It is not because I'm a fan of the book, but is Treasure Island itself is one of greatest fictional adventures in the pirates' world. Robert Louis Stevenson, who is the author of this book, tells the story under the narration of the young Jim Hawkins. Jim and his mother own an inn, living a normal life. But when the destiny comes and knocks the door, his life changed forever. A treasure map from an old pirates who stays in his inn somehow comes to Jim's hand.Not long after that, Jim is forced into the adventure to the pirates' world to find the treasure island. There are many unforgettable characters, such as young Jim Hawkins, kind-hearted Captain Smollett, brave doctor Livesey, and the one-legged cook Long John Silver, who is firstly appeared to be a funny and friendly person and the next a dangerous pirate leader! My favorite part of the book is when Jim has to say goodbye to his mother, gets extremely critical of his replacement at the inn, and then goes on to forget all of those things when he gets to Bristol and experiences things he'd never dreamed of.I love this section of the story because it's one of the few periods in this novel that show the simplicity of innocence, and that's what Jim really was: an innocent. This is again show how talented the author is. He describe each of his characters distinctively and freely. Each character in this adventure has free will and do anything they want. There are no restraints such as good man always do good things in this book. The one-legged cook plays the two-face games easily and smoothly as if it is his nature. This man is opposite is the young Jim Hawkins.While Jim shows his bravery toward hardships and treachery during his adventure, Long John Silver always lean to the side which gives him the most benefits. That is why Jim has many friends around him while John has no one. It seems th at Jim push away the obstacle and treachery while John pull it toward him. It is interesting that despite of all those settings, Long John is still a Jim's so-called friend, who help each other in the adventure. This book was a part of my childhood, but of course, in Vietnamese language translated. It was lucky that the book is interesting in any languages translated. Let us make a special effort to stop communicating with each other, so that we can have conversation† As I know, this is a famous quote of writer Mark Twain. The meaning of this quote is that people spend too much time talking but they don't listen. Communication and conversation seem to have many similarities. However, in my opinions, a conversation is much more complex and interactive than simple communication. While communicate, you often focus on speaking. It means you are basically conveying your own ideas to others, but during a conversation, we don't only speak. We also listen to other people's ideas.In ad dition, I believe that our speaking are more likely responses to others' opinions or arguments. In a conversation, people often interact with rather than dominate others with their own ideas. They together build up and support the general topics. While most people think it is easy to make a conversation, they are actually wrong. Conversation is listening as much as talking. The ability to listen is as important as the ability to convey ideas. That is the meaning that the quote wants to convey. Many people say that â€Å"Pumped up kicks† is a better song about abusive school kids than â€Å"Jeremy. However, most of them do not know what makes those two songs so popular and why their lyrics, melodies and public receptions, not other songs’, are compared with each other. By comparing those two songs in those characteristics, we can reveal the uniqueness of each song and know more about what â€Å"Jeremy† and â€Å"Pumped up kicks† want to convey. Both of th ese songs are about kids who lack of care from family and society. Pearl Jam started writing this song when their leader Eddie Vedder read about a high school student suicide in front of his classmates and decide that they have to do something about it.It is also about the kid who engaged in a gun shooting that Vedder knows back in his high school time. As we go further in lyric of â€Å"Jeremy,† we can see the kid named Jeremy who is ignored by his parents and his friends. His classmates treat him as wicked, having problem kid. Jeremy doesn’t know what to do and whom he should share his feelings with, so he represses it until he can’t bear it anymore and ends up shooting himself in front of the class. â€Å"Pumped up kicks† is more likely a warning about gun violence among youth. The song is about a kid playing cowboys with a â€Å"six shooter gun. As the kid named Jeremy in Pearl Jam’s song, this kid thinks he can rule everything because he has a gun. The image of a â€Å"cowboy† is similar to â€Å"King Jeremy† because they both have a gun and they are lonely. In Pump He is bullied and his dad beats him when he is drunk. He has a gun and he is going to shoot the kids with those fancy shoes to get pay back on his father and the kids who have bullied him. In the chorus, Mark Foster writes â€Å"better run, better run, faster. † That makes us feel like we are watching a chasing game where everything is speedy and furious.Despite having different lyrics, both of these two songs talk about regrettable consequences which result from the ignorance from the family that lead the kid to unsteady, unpredictable behaviors. Critical reaction also triggers a controversial topic between the two songs. As we know, both â€Å"Jeremy† and â€Å"Pumped up kicks† is talking about the abused school  kids. Both of  the  two songs got huge attentions from the public when they are released. However, †Å"Jeremy†Ã‚  had to face much more negative reception from public. In this video, we are telling about the life of a kid named Jeremy.Words such as â€Å"bored,† â€Å"problem,† â€Å"harmless† or â€Å"wicked† appear frequently. His parents, his classmates seem to be motionless whenever he tries to express himself. Especially the  scene  Jeremy putting the gun in his mouth has made a big impact on people who watch this video. With this video, Pearl Jam wants to show us the painful reality of being ignored and being unable to share the feelings with others. They want people to take an action so that there won’t be any kids have to face the same problems as Jeremy. â€Å"Pumped up kicks† did not have such a  strong negative effect on  listeners like â€Å"Jeremy.   The music video â€Å"Pumped up kicks† shows how the Young enjoy their life. They find the place for themselves, where they have friends and not to be ignor ed. Although the lyric is about an isolated psychotic kid, the video expresses that idea in a more comfortable way than the video â€Å"Jeremy. † In the video, there is not any kid carrying gun around and chasing other kids with â€Å"pumped up kicks. † That is why people feel this song more acceptable. However, the statement was that people should not sing and dance the song  in funny mood because this song did not bring a positive message.People seem to care more about the funny tunes than the real message that the song conveys: violence and ignorance, abusive kids. Drinking age often trigger controversial debates in America about which age is suitable for minors to drink legally. Some people argue that age limit should be lowered to 18. They support their opinions by claiming that the 21 age limit fails to decline the number of kids using alcohol, and lowering drinking age to 18 will be more suitable comparing to voting, having driver license or signing up for U. S. Army.Lowering drinking age to 18 seems to be more fair to minors, but the changes it propose would in fact damage American youth. Some people believe that setting the drinking age to 21 is a failure because 21 age limit hasn't stop minors from drinking. They claim that kids often drink before they are 21. They still drink whether ignoring the age limit. That is why they believe the 21 age limit should be changed into lower age limit, such as 18. However, it is not the age limit that makes minors decide to drink or not. When the 21 age limit law takes place, it stops minors from buying alcohol from any bars, stores or restaurants.Current drinking restrains many college students from buying alcohol easily and thus slowing down case of drinking among youth. Some argue that 18 age limit is more suitable than 21 age limit. When kids are 18 years old, they become adults and they have the citizenship. They have the rights and responsibilities for what their behaviors. They can vote, hav e driver license, sign up for U. S. Army and of course drink if they want. In my opinions, lowering drinking age to 18 may result in potential effects that we don't even know. Drinking is different from having a driver license or voting.If we lower the drinking age, it will create a stimulation among young. They will think that drinking is a good behavior and start drinking more and more alcohol. They spend more time to get drank rather than studying. Also, it drinking accompany with driving, minors can cause accidents and face legal troubles for months or years. It may ruined up American youth. Through the current drinking age limit doesn't have clearly effect in lowering the number of minors using alcohol, it still prevents majority of college students from buying alcohol and thus reduces the amount of drinking ases and drunk driving among minors. Also, 18 drinking age limit has more disadvantages than advantages that makes it not feasible to replace current drinking age limit. Sp ecial situations define person. In our life, we experience many situations that show us and others who we are. It happened to me when I was in high school. I had a close friend and also my classmate in high school. We are the two best student in math. I couldn't control my jealousy and thus lost one of my best friend.We still met after that but our friendship was not the same as before I remember the sentence that my old grandpa used to say when I was small: â€Å"Everyone is hungry for something: happiness, love, desire†¦. â€Å"With me is being number one. Sometimes the desire of being number one dominates me and leads to negativity. However, I don't think jealousy is a bad characteristic. It is a part of human nature. Attempting to remove jealousy is attempting to remove the incentive for you to develop. It is better if you learn to control jealousy. You will have incentive to be better off if want to be number one. Treasure Island Journals Writing about your favorite book If you are a fan of adventure books, Treasure Island is what you are looking for. It is not because I'm a fan of the book, but is Treasure Island itself is one of greatest fictional adventures in the pirates' world. Robert Louis Stevenson, who is the author of this book, tells the story under the narration of the young Jim Hawkins. Jim and his mother own an inn, living a normal life. But when the destiny comes and knocks the door, his life changed forever. A treasure map from an old pirates who stays in his inn somehow comes to Jim's hand.Not long after that, Jim is forced into the adventure to the pirates' world to find the treasure island. There are many unforgettable characters, such as young Jim Hawkins, kind-hearted Captain Smollett, brave doctor Livesey, and the one-legged cook Long John Silver, who is firstly appeared to be a funny and friendly person and the next a dangerous pirate leader! My favorite part of the book is when Jim has to say goodbye to his mother, gets extremely critical of his replacement at the inn, and then goes on to forget all of those things when he gets to Bristol and experiences things he'd never dreamed of.I love this section of the story because it's one of the few periods in this novel that show the simplicity of innocence, and that's what Jim really was: an innocent. This is again show how talented the author is. He describe each of his characters distinctively and freely. Each character in this adventure has free will and do anything they want. There are no restraints such as good man always do good things in this book. The one-legged cook plays the two-face games easily and smoothly as if it is his nature. This man is opposite is the young Jim Hawkins.While Jim shows his bravery toward hardships and treachery during his adventure, Long John Silver always lean to the side which gives him the most benefits. That is why Jim has many friends around him while John has no one. It seems th at Jim push away the obstacle and treachery while John pull it toward him. It is interesting that despite of all those settings, Long John is still a Jim's so-called friend, who help each other in the adventure. This book was a part of my childhood, but of course, in Vietnamese language translated. It was lucky that the book is interesting in any languages translated. Let us make a special effort to stop communicating with each other, so that we can have conversation† As I know, this is a famous quote of writer Mark Twain. The meaning of this quote is that people spend too much time talking but they don't listen. Communication and conversation seem to have many similarities. However, in my opinions, a conversation is much more complex and interactive than simple communication. While communicate, you often focus on speaking. It means you are basically conveying your own ideas to others, but during a conversation, we don't only speak. We also listen to other people's ideas.In ad dition, I believe that our speaking are more likely responses to others' opinions or arguments. In a conversation, people often interact with rather than dominate others with their own ideas. They together build up and support the general topics. While most people think it is easy to make a conversation, they are actually wrong. Conversation is listening as much as talking. The ability to listen is as important as the ability to convey ideas. That is the meaning that the quote wants to convey. Many people say that â€Å"Pumped up kicks† is a better song about abusive school kids than â€Å"Jeremy. However, most of them do not know what makes those two songs so popular and why their lyrics, melodies and public receptions, not other songs’, are compared with each other. By comparing those two songs in those characteristics, we can reveal the uniqueness of each song and know more about what â€Å"Jeremy† and â€Å"Pumped up kicks† want to convey. Both of th ese songs are about kids who lack of care from family and society. Pearl Jam started writing this song when their leader Eddie Vedder read about a high school student suicide in front of his classmates and decide that they have to do something about it.It is also about the kid who engaged in a gun shooting that Vedder knows back in his high school time. As we go further in lyric of â€Å"Jeremy,† we can see the kid named Jeremy who is ignored by his parents and his friends. His classmates treat him as wicked, having problem kid. Jeremy doesn’t know what to do and whom he should share his feelings with, so he represses it until he can’t bear it anymore and ends up shooting himself in front of the class. â€Å"Pumped up kicks† is more likely a warning about gun violence among youth. The song is about a kid playing cowboys with a â€Å"six shooter gun. As the kid named Jeremy in Pearl Jam’s song, this kid thinks he can rule everything because he has a gun. The image of a â€Å"cowboy† is similar to â€Å"King Jeremy† because they both have a gun and they are lonely. In Pump He is bullied and his dad beats him when he is drunk. He has a gun and he is going to shoot the kids with those fancy shoes to get pay back on his father and the kids who have bullied him. In the chorus, Mark Foster writes â€Å"better run, better run, faster. † That makes us feel like we are watching a chasing game where everything is speedy and furious.Despite having different lyrics, both of these two songs talk about regrettable consequences which result from the ignorance from the family that lead the kid to unsteady, unpredictable behaviors. Critical reaction also triggers a controversial topic between the two songs. As we know, both â€Å"Jeremy† and â€Å"Pumped up kicks† is talking about the abused school  kids. Both of  the  two songs got huge attentions from the public when they are released. However, †Å"Jeremy†Ã‚  had to face much more negative reception from public. In this video, we are telling about the life of a kid named Jeremy.Words such as â€Å"bored,† â€Å"problem,† â€Å"harmless† or â€Å"wicked† appear frequently. His parents, his classmates seem to be motionless whenever he tries to express himself. Especially the  scene  Jeremy putting the gun in his mouth has made a big impact on people who watch this video. With this video, Pearl Jam wants to show us the painful reality of being ignored and being unable to share the feelings with others. They want people to take an action so that there won’t be any kids have to face the same problems as Jeremy. â€Å"Pumped up kicks† did not have such a  strong negative effect on  listeners like â€Å"Jeremy.   The music video â€Å"Pumped up kicks† shows how the Young enjoy their life. They find the place for themselves, where they have friends and not to be ignor ed. Although the lyric is about an isolated psychotic kid, the video expresses that idea in a more comfortable way than the video â€Å"Jeremy. † In the video, there is not any kid carrying gun around and chasing other kids with â€Å"pumped up kicks. † That is why people feel this song more acceptable. However, the statement was that people should not sing and dance the song  in funny mood because this song did not bring a positive message.People seem to care more about the funny tunes than the real message that the song conveys: violence and ignorance, abusive kids. Drinking age often trigger controversial debates in America about which age is suitable for minors to drink legally. Some people argue that age limit should be lowered to 18. They support their opinions by claiming that the 21 age limit fails to decline the number of kids using alcohol, and lowering drinking age to 18 will be more suitable comparing to voting, having driver license or signing up for U. S. Army.Lowering drinking age to 18 seems to be more fair to minors, but the changes it propose would in fact damage American youth. Some people believe that setting the drinking age to 21 is a failure because 21 age limit hasn't stop minors from drinking. They claim that kids often drink before they are 21. They still drink whether ignoring the age limit. That is why they believe the 21 age limit should be changed into lower age limit, such as 18. However, it is not the age limit that makes minors decide to drink or not. When the 21 age limit law takes place, it stops minors from buying alcohol from any bars, stores or restaurants.Current drinking restrains many college students from buying alcohol easily and thus slowing down case of drinking among youth. Some argue that 18 age limit is more suitable than 21 age limit. When kids are 18 years old, they become adults and they have the citizenship. They have the rights and responsibilities for what their behaviors. They can vote, hav e driver license, sign up for U. S. Army and of course drink if they want. In my opinions, lowering drinking age to 18 may result in potential effects that we don't even know. Drinking is different from having a driver license or voting.If we lower the drinking age, it will create a stimulation among young. They will think that drinking is a good behavior and start drinking more and more alcohol. They spend more time to get drank rather than studying. Also, it drinking accompany with driving, minors can cause accidents and face legal troubles for months or years. It may ruined up American youth. Through the current drinking age limit doesn't have clearly effect in lowering the number of minors using alcohol, it still prevents majority of college students from buying alcohol and thus reduces the amount of drinking ases and drunk driving among minors. Also, 18 drinking age limit has more disadvantages than advantages that makes it not feasible to replace current drinking age limit. Sp ecial situations define person. In our life, we experience many situations that show us and others who we are. It happened to me when I was in high school. I had a close friend and also my classmate in high school. We are the two best student in math. I couldn't control my jealousy and thus lost one of my best friend.We still met after that but our friendship was not the same as before I remember the sentence that my old grandpa used to say when I was small: â€Å"Everyone is hungry for something: happiness, love, desire†¦. â€Å"With me is being number one. Sometimes the desire of being number one dominates me and leads to negativity. However, I don't think jealousy is a bad characteristic. It is a part of human nature. Attempting to remove jealousy is attempting to remove the incentive for you to develop. It is better if you learn to control jealousy. You will have incentive to be better off if want to be number one.

Organizational Profile Pfizer Company Essay

Prior to a corporate wide restructuring effort, the Pfizer Corporation operated with a divisional structure. This divisional organization prevented realization of full organizational efficiency and effectiveness. Although this organizational structure provides for defined accountabilities, creation of professional development opportunities, and cultivates the process for local performance management, the divisional structure can create extreme inter-organizational competition, while requiring a duplication of functional specialists and inter-division personnel throughout each divisional area (Iqbal, 2008). Pfizer recently transitioned to a new structure which created an opportunity for clearly defined responsibilities and accountabilities, while eliminating the duplication of functionalities throughout divisional areas (Pfizer, 2007). The new structure promotes well defined objectives and additional organizational efficiencies (Iqba, 2008). The Matrix structure is, however, much more complex. Unlike the previous divisional structure, the organization now operates within an integrated model. This new structure creates multi-channel accountability through sharing of authoritative powers and a general decrease in organizational clarity (Iqba, 2008). Although the Matrix provides many advantages not seen through the Division structure, the organization must resolve structural deficiencies in order to achieve their defined objectives. Problem Selection and Rationale Pfizer’s new organizational structure is conducive to their company. The Matrix structure is an ideal structure within project-focused organizations (Johnson, 1990). For the Pfizer Corporation, who is driven by consumer demand, the Matrix structure creates an opportunity for flexible use of corporate resources. Within the Matrix environment, personnel may transition from one project to another, as needed (Johnson, 1990). Because Pfizer’s routine business activities involve research leading to the development and market introduction of new medicines, the demand for human capital within the company varies. The Matrix structure provides opportunity for efficient use of human resources within the organization. The introduction of the Matrix structure resulted in several problematic areas. Within the new environment, the functional manager assumes the ultimate roll of authority for the project at hand (Johnson, 1990). Unlike alternative structures, this is based on the project at hand rather than functionality; delays in processing, approvals, etc. are likely to arise through having narrowed executive leadership. Additionally, priorities can become variable leading to misalignment within the team. Pfizer Corporation has identified a problematic situation in which team members carry conflicting priorities (McKinney Rogers, n. d. ). The integrated structure has caused some concern within the functional teams. While the project manager’s priorities remain with the project at hand, the functional manager has often utilized time for training which has been known to consist of several consecutive days (McKinney Rogers, n. d. ). In these instances, the company’s authority has conflicting objectives of what should be done first. While the manager’s priority has been training, the leader’s priority remains completion of tasks related to the project (McKinney Rogers, n. d. ). This problem has paved the way for ineffective organizational leadership. Use of a matrix structure within Pfizer has significantly impacted organizational leadership. Within the matrix structure, the project manager provides direct oversight of the project at hand while the functional manager maintains authoritative powers (Johnson, 1990). This can cause confusion amongst the team, as the chain of command becomes diluted. The project manager’s main concern lies with the big picture of the project itself while the functional manager is accountable for the functionality of completing the job (Iqba, 2008). While the perception seems that these two aspects go hand in hand, the reality is that the seemingly diluted management can create chaos and discontent amongst the team. Identifying these problematic areas is the first step towards enhancing the organizational structure. Each of these areas negatively impacts the organization’s productivity, quality, and efficiencies. While the foundation of the matrix structure aligns with Pfizer’s company, the manner in which it is utilized should be examined. Minor modifications to promote effective operations will result in higher levels of productivity, employee satisfaction, and overall efficiency of operational processes. Recommended Solutions and Rationale When enhancing an organizational structure, determining solutions to identified challenges is a critical piece of the overall process. Identifying solutions consist of examining current practices, determining challenges, researching solutions, testing hypothesis, and then implementing recommendations. In an effort to overcome the above challenges, research was conducted and solutions uncovered. To overcome the delayed response time in things such as decision making and approvals, we recommend the implementation of management maintenance through regularly scheduled meetings. In doing this, it is our hope that Pfizer will be able to maintain a consistent stream of communication, efficiency, and execution. By having regularly scheduled meetings, employees and the management team will have specific time set aside for things such as decisions needed to be made and approvals needing to be signed off on. To overcome inconsistent priorities throughout the organization, we propose that Pfizer establishes a clear definition of goals and expectations through management. The project manager of who is technically working under the authority of a product and the functional manager should both be given the authority to make critical decisions (Thomas, 2006). This would ensure that all involved with the project as well as those working in a functional capacity would have a clear vision set and know that decisions are made based on that vision. By showing a united team between the two management roles, it should alleviate confusion within the team and priorities should remain consistent if in line with the overall vision. To overcome decreased effectiveness of organizational leadership due to multiple managers overseeing the same project from a different aspect we believe that training is needed at the managerial level. This training should be targeted at increasing the managers’ emotional intelligence in order to increase their leadership abilities effectively (Harmer, n. d. ). Ilard & Findlay (2006) found that emotional intelligence contributes to team effectiveness and productivity. With Pfizer working in a team environment, this training would provide managers with the tools to assess the emotional intelligence of their team and tap into the different personalities they are working with. A team’s probability of success is believed to be reliant upon having members of the team who work well together and each contribute to the overall purpose, goal, or task at hand (Ilard & Findlay, 2006). The usage of emotional intelligence would be beneficial to Pfizer because it would have with everyone being on the same page and be able to flex their personality style based on the team member that they are working with. The challenges described can all be overcome through dedication to improving Pfizer’s organizational structure by all employees. In an effort to overcome these challenges, Pfizer will build a strong bond between employees through a process that provides timely responses, consistent priorities throughout the organization, and increased effectiveness of organizational leadership. Solution Evaluation Metrics and Rationale It is common belief that â€Å"the companies that are best able to manage projects, programs, and portfolios align them with strategic goals† (PMI, 2008). In terms of a company’s ability to practice this type strategizing in its â€Å"every day† practice is referred to its project management maturity level. Obviously, the companies that are better at predicting their ability to execute are better at meeting their key business objectives. Therefore, â€Å"Companies with greater maturity should expect to see tangible benefits that include better-performing project portfolios, efficiencies that come with better resource allocation, and increased process stability and repeatability† (PMI, 2008).

7 Common Mistakes to Avoid You Make When You Meet New People

7 Common Mistakes to Avoid You Make When You Meet New People First impressions are incredibly important. Don’t botch yours by making silly mistakes that undermine your chances of being taken seriously. Wondering whether you might be making any of these totally avoidable errors? Double check your meeting-new-people routine and make sure you aren’t falling victim to any of these faux pas.1. Me me me me me†¦Talking too much about yourself can be very  off-putting. You’ve been in that situation- suffering a seemingly endless monologue from some contact whose hand you’ve only just shaken. It’s an easy trap to fall into, particularly when you’re meant to be networking and selling yourself.Remember to take a step back every now and then and ask some questions about the person you are speaking with. And keep in mind that dominance is not the same as confidence. You can let the conversation be more equal and still project the confidence and control you’ve been working so hard to cultivate.2. Not  Talking About YourselfAlmost as bad as droning on and on about yourself is not talking about yourself enough. Don’t make the other person do all of the conversational heavy-lifting. Don’t give one word answers to thoughtful questions. Don’t be evasive, etc.3. Complaining All the TimeIf you’re just meeting someone, the last thing you want is to give the impression that you’re a moaner. Try to keep it positive, at least for the first half an hour of your acquaintance. You can complain to your family and friends all you like. Keep professional settings positive.4. Buying the First RoundYou may think that you’re ingratiating yourself to a group you’ve just met by offering to bring drinks for everyone back from the bar. But it can actually be more beneficial to a new connection for them to feel like they are doing you a favor. Let someone else grab your drink, then thank them warmly. No need to be the waitress or the star. Just focus on the impression you most want to make.5. Not Being Up-FrontSometimes you meet someone you’ve been following online. It’s awkward and problematic to pretend you don’t know things that you do. Be open about how you’ve made their Internet acquaintance- this will give you something extra to chat about more naturally. And the same goes for not pretending you know more about someone you’ve been introduced to than you do. In these, as in so many cases, honesty is best.6. Over-ComplimentingYou may want to impress someone, but being too complimentary can actually freak people out. And will definitely make you look like you’re just sucking up. Try to keep it as genuine as possible.7. Getting Too PersonalThink of a networking event or opportunity as a first date. Keep things on a somewhat even and considered keel. There will be time for oversharing if you develop a real friendship or connection. Try not to overwhelm your new connection right off the bat .

Vestal livery Essays

Vestal livery Essays Vestal livery Paper Vestal livery Paper The scene is set in a small garden, with a few bushes and perhaps a fountain. There is a house, of which one of the windows is Juliets, but there is no balcony. It is quite minimalist, though there are some plants, but only one window, with a muslin curtain which flutters in the wind as the window is open. Romeo appears, dressed on the same clothes as he wore at the party, but without the mask. He wears a sword and a feathered hat. He appears to have been drinking alcohol and so is slightly intoxicated. But this is only shows through his slightly slurred speech and unbalanced walk. He walks around, up and down and in circle as if very agitated. And then starts to talk (he jests. wound), still unaware of the window, and is walking around, kicking at the pebbles and dirt on the floor. A flickering light then appears at Juliets window, and Romeo stumbles away from it shielding his eyes (even though it is not very bright we can attribute this to his tipsiness) puts his hand to his sword as if expecting to have to draw it quickly, for a fight, and hides behind a bush, although it does not offer much cover. He first seems worried and angry, and speaks quickly (but softbreaks) but then as he realises it is Juliets room his face relaxes and his speech slows. He points at the window as he says arrive fair sun gently and tenderly, but then speaking quite aggressively and he contorts his face as he makes a violent gesture at the moon. He spits out the words sick and pale with disgust, but then looks back up at Juliets window, and says that thou.. than she whilst he stumbles out from the bush and cranes his neck to get a glimpse of Juliet, whilst running to his next bush as a hiding place. He sits here and completes his speech, pointing to his own clothes when he talks of vestal livery. Juliet then appears in her nightdress and is brushing her hair, which is wet, and is the reason she wet outside, to dry it, is unaware of Romeo walking around bellow her. All is silent for a few moments as Romeo does not realise she is there, he walks around kicking up the dirt and stones, until he looks up and notices Juliet, he then silently hides behind a bush. He then starts to whisper silently to himself (it is my lady. that cheek), stealing furtive glances towards her, several times making out as if to jump out from behind the bush and talk to her. He slowly gets loader as he talks and getting faster until he suddenly realises he is talking too loud and quietens at the brightness of her cheek . He says it is my lady as if he is convincing himself, as she is not truly his lady yet, with a pause between the two sections of the phrase. He is sad when he whispers o that were! and slows down. He makes as if to get up and call out to her when he says I will answer it, but then he pauses and stops and chides himself, settling back down. He speaks enviously of the two stars which trap Juliets attention, waving his hands around, pointing at the particular two. He gets more passionate till he reaches the volume climax what if her her head? Then he realises he is two loud and may draw attention to himself so he suddenly become more quiet. He faces upwards and makes dramatic hand movements as he talks of the sky would through the airy. Not night. He then turns back to Juliet as she leans over, and looks at his own hand as he says see how her hand. Juliet meanwhile is still brushing her hair (for it is quite long), and then starts to stare at the moon. After Romeo finishes talking Juliet sighs and says the words (ay me), and leans out the window staring at the moon wistfully. Romeo stays behind the bush, now staring at Juliet and whispers passionately to himself she speaks and waits hopefully for her to carry on, stepping out from his bush, to hide in another with a better view. Juliet here goes in and appears at another window, when she appears again; Romeo begins to speak fervently, rashly and quickly. He slows down when he says as a winged messenger for thou art, and sighs with wonder, his face upturned towards Juliet. He makes large dramatic gestures with his hands, reaching up when he says over my head, and making a gesture as if to brush something away from on top of his head, and clutching the air behind him. And when he speaks of the heavens, as a winged messenger of heaven he has a wondrous upon his face and he changes the way he is sitting to be more comfortable. He looks dreamy through the continuation of this speech, talking of things wondrous and his eyes are constantly upturned or upon Juliet. He only awakens from tis dream when Juliet speaks, here he jumps at the sound, having been lost in his own world. Juliet is now starting to talk (o Romeo Capulet), louder than Romeo, unaware of anyone elses presence, staring dreamily from her window, looking up to the moon. Romeo then is about to jump out and talk to her, but stops and whispers (shall at this), looking worried and undecided.. Juliet carries on talking ( tis all myself)but now more purposely, and perhaps slightly angrily, using more hand movements, but still looking upwards, and so does not notice Romeo. Romeo finally decides to jump out and calls up to her in a strong and wilful voice yet still passionate, with a hint of distrust and worry.

Spanish Place Names in the U.S.

Spanish Place Names in the U.S. Much of the United States was once part of Mexico, and Spanish explorers were among the first non-indigenous people to explore much of what is now the U.S. So wed expect that an abundance of places would have names coming from Spanish - and indeed thats the case. There are too many Spanish place names to list here, but here are some of the most well-known: U.S. State Names from Spanish California - The original California was a fictional place in the 16th-century book Las sergas de Esplandin by Garci Rodrà ­guez Ordà ³Ãƒ ±ez de Montalvo. Colorado - This is the past participle of colorar, which means to give something color, such as by dyeing. The participle, however, specifically refers to red, such as red earth. Florida - Probably a shortened form of pascua florida, literally meaning flowered holy day, referring to Easter. Montana - The name is an anglicized version of montaà ±a, the word for mountain. The word probably comes from the days when mining was a leading industry in the region, as the states motto is Oro y plata, meaning Gold and silver. Its too bad the à ± of the spelling wasnt retained; it would have been cool to have a state name with a letter not in the English  alphabet. New Mexico  - The Spanish  Mà ©xico  or  Mà ©jico  came from the name of an Aztec god. Texas - The Spanish borrowed this word, spelled Tejas in Spanish, from indigenous residents of the area. It relates to the idea of friendship. Tejas, although not used that way here, also can refer to roof tiles. Key Takeaways: Spanish Language Place Names Spanish-language place names abound in the United States in part because its history includes Spanish colonization and exploration.Many of the Spanish place names in the U.S. have been anglicized, such as by changing à ± to n and by dropping the accent marks from accented vowels.Many of the Spanish names are derived from the names of Roman Catholic saints and beliefs. Other U.S. Place Names From Spanish Alcatraz (California) - From alcatraces, meaning gannets (birds similar to pelicans). Arroyo Grande (California) - An arroyo is a stream. Boca Raton (Florida) - The literal meaning of boca ratà ³n is mouses mouth, a term applied to a sea inlet. Cape Canaveral (Florida) - From caà ±averal, a place where canes grow. Conejos River (Colorado) - Conejos means rabbits. District of Columbia; Columbia River (Oregon and Washington) - These and many other place names honor Christopher Columbus (Cristobal Colà ³n in Spanish), the Italian-Spanish explorer. El Paso (Texas) - A mountain pass is a paso; the city is on a historically major route through the Rocky Mountains. Fresno (California) - Spanish for ash tree. Galveston (Texas) - Named after Bernardo de Glvez, a Spanish general. Grand Canyon (and other canyons) - The English canyon comes from the Spanish caà ±Ãƒ ³n. The Spanish word can also mean cannon, pipe or tube, but only its geological meaning became part of English. Key West (Florida) - This may not look like a Spanish name, but it is in fact an anglicized version of the original Spanish name, Cayo Hueso, meaning Bone Key. A key or cayo is a reef or low island; that word originally came from Taino, an indigenous Caribbean language. Spanish speakers and maps still refer to the city and key as Cayo Hueso. Las Cruces (New Mexico) - Meaning the crosses, named for a burial site. Las Vegas - Means the meadows. Los Angeles - Spanish for the angels. Los Gatos (California) - Meaning the cats, for the cats that once roamed in the region. Madre de Dios Island (Alaska) - The Spanish means mother of God. The island, which is in Trocadero (meaning trader) Bay, was named by Galician explorer Francisco Antonio Mourelle de la Rà ºa. Merced (California) - The Spanish word for mercy. Mesa (Arizona) - Mesa, Spanish for table, came to be applied to a type of flat-topped geological formation. Nevada - A past participle meaning covered with snow, from nevar, meaning to snow. The word is also used for the name of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. A sierra is a saw, and the name came to be applied to a jagged range of mountains. Nogales (Arizona) - It means walnut trees. Rio Grande (Texas) - Rà ­o grande means large river. Sacramento - Spanish for sacrament, a type of ceremony practised in Catholic (and many other Christian) churches. Sangre de Cristo Mountains - The Spanish means blood of Christ; the name is said to come from blood-red glow of the setting sun. San _____ and Santa _____ (California and elsewhere) - Almost all the city names beginning with San or Santa - among them San Francisco, Santa Barbara, San Antonio, San Luis Obispo, San Jose, Santa Fe and Santa Cruz - come from Spanish. Both words are shortened forms of  santo,  the word for saint or holy. Sonoran Desert (California and Arizona) - Sonora is possibly a corruption of seà ±ora, referring to a woman. Strait of Juan de Fuca (Washington state) - Named after the Spanish version of Greek explorer Ioannis Phokass name. Phokas was part of a Spanish expedition. Toledo (Ohio) - Possibly named after the city in Spain.

Terrorism and Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Terrorism and Policy - Essay Example The congress and public alike supported the Bush administrations efforts to stop another incident, one of the first of which was establishing the Office of Homeland Security less than a month after 9-11. This newly formed department’s mission was â€Å"to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks† (David, 2002). The actions taken by the federal government have been as extensive as they are controversial. Some submit that the government has overstepped its Constitutional authority enacting policies and laws which intrude on the privacy of American citizens while others believe these steps are necessary to protect lives and property. An overview of the strategy implemented by the government to prevent and respond to a terrorist attack will be presented along with both sides of the constitutional controversy emanating from the implementation of the PATRIOT Act. The National Strategy for Homeland Security formulates delegate’s homeland security operations in six crucial groups, intelligence and forewarning, transportation and border security, national counterterrorism coordination, defending vital infrastructures, guard against a catastrophic terrorist attack, preparedness and emergency response techniques. â€Å"The strategic objectives of homeland security in order of priority are to: Prevent terrorist attacks within the United States; Reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism; and Minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur† The Department of Homeland Security has been instrumental in assisting, providing instruction and funding first respond teams in cities across the country. These programs are designed to ensure â€Å"emergency response professionals are prepared, equipped and trained for any situation and by bringing together information and resources to prepare for and respond to a terrorist at tack, natural disaster or

Cleopatra's Suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cleopatra's Suicide - Essay Example They naturally thought of Cleopatra as a manipulative seductress, because she had earlier seduced Julius Ceasar who was thirty years her senior, and her sexual exploits were well known. The Romans were led by Octavius, Octavia's brother who charged in to conquer Egypt and overcome Mark Anthony. Overwhelmed by the Roman forces, Mark Antony chose death by suicide over being captured. After his death and facing the prospect of Roman invasion, Cleopatra chose death as well. As someone who has experimented with poisons on prisoners on different occasions, she knew that the venom of the asp was the least painful and a relatively quicker way of dying. Most privileged or political prisoners were executed in this way by the Egyptians and by the Greeks before them. At this point of time, all serpents were known as asps, and the snake Cleopatra used for her suicide was probably the Egyptian cobra Naja Haje. The cobra was revered by the ancient Egyptians possibly because they lived in close proximity with it, because the rodents commonly associated with humans were their natural prey. Egyptians lost a lot of their own to this snake's potent venom. It was placed on the crown of the Egyptian pharaohs, and was in fact the Royal symbol. It represented the "fiery eye of Re", in which there are two uraei which are placed on either side of a winged solar disk.

EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DOMESTIC LAW AND THE EUROPEAN Essay

EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DOMESTIC LAW AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 1950 WITH RESPECT TO THE PROTECTION OF - Essay Example The European Convention of human rights is a body in Europe that has the responsibility of ensuring the defence of individual privileges, the same responsibility exercised by the domestic law. The Convention is an international body that looks at the rights and freedoms of citizens in Europe. Its formation was aimed at ensuring that violation of human rights was a punishable offense, this is evident in the domestic law meaning that the two set of laws perform the same function. It aims at ensuring that there is no violation of human rights by the states or any other party (Barnett 50). The court handles such cases with guidance from articles under the convention for human rights in Europe. It ensures that people or states can take cases to courts regarding violation of human rights against another state. This makes the body an international body that protects individuals with a high degree.12 The European convention of human rights is a law making body that seeks to certify that indi vidual constitutional rights are not dishonoured by any person or body regardless of their position in the society. It ensures that courts handle cases regarding human rights properly without being bias. The domestic law relates closely with the European convention for human rights because the two aim at ensuring adherence to laws regarding human rights (Bates 477). The domestic law regards all laws regarding human rights that a state or non-governmental organization may violate and how such cases should be handled in the court. There is a notable relationship between domestic law and the European convention of human rights. This is because the European convention aims at protection laws including the domestic law. This is evident by some of the articles in the convention and sections of the human rights. Some of the articles that relate with the domestic law include article 1, 13, 34 and 35. This paper also analyzes the relation using some section of the human rights like section 2 , 3, 4, 6 and 8. In the case of Keenan v United Kingdom, the applicant was complaining about his son’s sentence. In this case, the applicant used article 2 and 3 as the basis of the case. The court only found out that article 3 was breached and not article 2 of the convention. Article 1 of the European convention regards respecting rights in regards to all the other articles. It works within its jurisdiction unless under certain situations where it does not confine itself to the jurisdiction. In the case of Loizidou v Turkey, the court made a ruling that its jurisdiction extends to foreign states with similar control. This was made possible by military action in the state (Aria-Takahashi 240). Article 13 of the convention involves effective remedy. The convention applies the article before any national authority that violates human rights that it protects. It is a free infringement under the convention to get a remedy in case of violation of a human right. Obtaining such a re medy involving human rights can only be through the court. The case of Pretty v United Kingdom is another example of a case that an applicant basis on article 2 and 3. However, the court ruled that nobody has the right under articles of the convention to take his life or another person’s life. Article 34 regards individual applications which state that no high party has the ability to prevent the court from

The Effects on the Human Resource Employee and the Company Research Paper

The Effects on the Human Resource Employee and the Company - Research Paper Example The â€Å"catchment area† then becomes quite important. â€Å"The catchment area will be determined by the proximity of competitors, types of employees involved, their age and sex, and the provision of transport and housing (Pearson 83). There are other factors to consider in the type of employee as well. Is your company a small company? Will the employee need to interact with just a small number of other employees, or will the prospective employee need to interact within a large organization? Are the requirements of the job such that an individual will be required to work well alone, or will the person need to interact with others in a variety of ways? Is the employee going to be an executive, and if so what will be his/her duties and responsibilities? Other considerations might include, do we need a certain gender of the employee, or does the company wish to look for a minority to fill the position? All of these considerations and many more are questions to answer before be ginning the search for a new employee. Once the analyst has defined the employee characteristics needed to succeed at the position, defined his labour market and has a working knowledge of his catchment area the analyst can then take on the next step. That next step is to know of and understand, the number of different categories that an analyst must take into consideration. One of these categories is to know your competition. What are your competitors doing to lure good, long-term viable employees while ensuring that they will be retained by the company?

A Strategic Challenge HMV Faces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Strategic Challenge HMV Faces - Essay Example The researcher states that HMV Group Plc (HMV) was one amongst the world’s leading retailers of music, DVD/ video, pc games and books within the United Kingdom, North American country and Asia. A rise in the range of online purchase of CDs and DVDs, an increase in digital downloads associated stiffer competition from general supermarkets had an adverse impact on HMV’s revenue in 2005. Changes in musical tastes conjointly affected HMV’s sales adversely. HMV has to enhance its profit by initiating contemporary worth cuts and increasing its online product offerings. HMV is fraught from three sides. On one flank, there are competitive street retailers with similar business models. On the opposite flank, grocery chains, which are progressively entering into the HMV’s recreation product territory? Additionally, arising quickly from behind, are pure-play online retailers. Online pure-play retailers above all create an excellent threat, as they will operate at a v alue advantage ensuing from associate degree absence of physical stores and lowest staffing needs. Within the past decade, as online penetration has inflated and shopper familiarity with  online searching has expanded, pure-play online retailers like Play.com have emerged as important rivals to venerable chains of HMV. The diversion product mix furnished by HMV (CDs, DVDs, video games) is especially suited to on-line merchandising. Merchandise square measure extremely standardized and commoditized (a videodisk is a videodisk, in spite of the channel it is purchased from), simply transferable through the post, and promoted heavily by the show business (meaning customers can ‘pull’ merchandise through distribution channels).

The Effects on the Human Resource Employee and the Company Research Paper

The Effects on the Human Resource Employee and the Company - Research Paper Example The â€Å"catchment area† then becomes quite important. â€Å"The catchment area will be determined by the proximity of competitors, types of employees involved, their age and sex, and the provision of transport and housing (Pearson 83). There are other factors to consider in the type of employee as well. Is your company a small company? Will the employee need to interact with just a small number of other employees, or will the prospective employee need to interact within a large organization? Are the requirements of the job such that an individual will be required to work well alone, or will the person need to interact with others in a variety of ways? Is the employee going to be an executive, and if so what will be his/her duties and responsibilities? Other considerations might include, do we need a certain gender of the employee, or does the company wish to look for a minority to fill the position? All of these considerations and many more are questions to answer before be ginning the search for a new employee. Once the analyst has defined the employee characteristics needed to succeed at the position, defined his labour market and has a working knowledge of his catchment area the analyst can then take on the next step. That next step is to know of and understand, the number of different categories that an analyst must take into consideration. One of these categories is to know your competition. What are your competitors doing to lure good, long-term viable employees while ensuring that they will be retained by the company?

Description of four specific ways in which Neuman's HCSM could be used Dissertation

Description of four specific ways in which Neuman's HCSM could be used to improve nursing practice - Dissertation Example 242). The HCSM in Nursing Paradigms The field of nursing usually utilizes four paradigms or concepts in its practice, namely, the person or client, environment, health, and nursing itself. These concepts are defined in Neuman’s model, according to how it is applied in organizing the structure of the profession. As presented by Neuman and Fawcett, the client may be a person, family, group, or community, and there is the need for a clear definition of who are included in the client system and how they relate to other members (as cited in Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2010, p. 79). The client or client system is then viewed in five variables, which are the physiologic, psychologic, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual aspects. The environment is described as all internal and external factors that surround the client, while health is connected to both wellness and illness. Wellness is the client’s system to remain stable at any given time, and illness is the failure to ach ieve homeostasis in the presence of stressors. Nursing, on the other hand, is concerned with assessing the client in response to stressors, and assisting him to cope with them according to the three levels of prevention in order to achieve the optimum degree of wellness.

Blood Brothers Essay Example for Free

Blood Brothers Essay Her gestures towards Eddy were quite fidgety, she was always fretting over him- making sure his clothes and hair was neat so he looked respectful. This constant need to make Eddy look neat would be so the Lyons family kept up their reputation and Mrs. Lyons may have also been trying to cover up any likeness between Mickey and Eddy, so she was constantly fidgeting over him. This attitude was also reflected in the atmosphere she generated, as she was always quite nervous and twitchy, because she was always worried that the public or her husband would find out that Eddy wasnt her child and that he was the offspring of a working class family. You can see this nervous attitude from her facial expression as she always carried a worried look, and also from her body language as her hands always flustered nervously. Mrs. Lyons relationship with Mrs. Johnstone got more impersonal as the play went on. They stood further apart from one another and they spoke in raised voices. Mrs. Lyons was very protective of Eddy so she walked and sat very close to him all the time and didnt like feeling that she has no control over him. Narrator Phillip Stewart: I think that the narrator was the character that had the highest status on stage. He didnt emotionally relate to any of the characters. You could see this reflection of impersonality towards the characters when he was face to face with a distraught Mrs. Johnstone or an excited Mickey his facial expression didnt alter, showing he had no understanding of the characters emotions. The fact that the narrator didnt relate to any of the characters, means that they fear the narrator and are intimidated by him. Further more, the fact that the characters were actually aware of the narrator is unusual as most narrators are kept separate from the characters. This may be because the narrator acted as something more spiritual, like he was a figure of destiny or life who is moving the actors around like chess pieces. He would creep up on people, or pull them away as he had the power to do this. He stood tall, had a domineering presence and was the person with the most authority. His accent, like his costume, was neutral, his tone was quite deep and the volume of his voice was load throughout the whole of the play. Mickey Johnstone Stephen Palfreman: Mickey was brought up in the Johnstone family so he had the same accent as his mother- Liverpudlian. 7-8yrs: He was amazingly energetic and he completely took over the stage when he came on. He shouted, ran around madly, spoke in a high-pitched voice, muddled up his word and so reflected a seven year old boy in a physical and intellectual state. When he first came on stage he was banging on his door and sat down like this: He started picking his nose e. t. c. He fidgeted constantly, scratching himself, and typically stretching his jumper over his legs. To reflect his age he spent a lot of time on the floor, as it was an adult playing a seven year old this made him look shorter. He was very over powering, so when he was talking to the other characters there was about an inch between them-nearly nose to nose, so obviously like any seven year old he had no sense of personal boundaries. 12-14yrs: At this age he was desperately trying to impress Linda so he was doing typical guy poses and walking with a skip in his step to try and look cool. He also talked to her in a deep, what he thought to be, manly voice. He really wanted to impress Linda but he was also very nervous especially in Act two, Scene 1 when Linda asks Mickey to help him over the gate and as he approaches her she screams be gentle, be gentle Which puts him off completely! 18+: Now he seemed a lot more serious because as hes on his own. When hes in prison you could see him slowly going mad. The carefree attitude he used to have had now disappeared. He was always very edgy, and he barely moved. In prison he was edgy but he felt safe, once he was out of prison he got even worse. He got angry with Linda when he didnt get his tablets and he was constantly sweating. His relationship towards Linda was reflected in his body language, as he seemed to stop showing affection towards her and never liked standing to close to any one. This distance was in contrast to the seven year old Mickey. Eddy Lyons -Mark Hutchinson: Eddy took after his mother in his accent as his was also quite posh. The tone of his voice was quite feminine and it was like this through all ages. 7-8yrs: Unlike Mickey, Eddys voice was quieter and his movements were timid but once he was with Mickey and wasnt being over shadowed by his mother he could let go. A typical example of this would be when Eddy, Mickey and Linda get caught by the police throwing stones through windows, and the policeman asks him: Whats your name? And Eddy replies: Adolph Hitler! So you can see that Eddy could be brave, even more so than Mickey and Linda, he just needed to be let out of his shell. Eddys lexis was a lot different to Mickeys as he used words like smashing and goodness; whereas most of Mickeys lexis consisted of swear words. Eddy didnt seem to change that much from the age of 7-18 years old. He still has quite a feminine voice he just sounded matured. As he grew up Eddy spent less time on the floor so he was taller, Mickey also used this tactic. Also, Mickey didnt influence him quite as much. Eddys relationship with the characters was reflected in his distance between them and his body language. When Mrs. Lyons was fidgeting over him he tried to stop her. At first the distance between him and Mrs. Johnstone was far but as the play went on they got closer showing that their relationship was growing closer. Linda Louise Clayton: Linda 7-8yrs: She had come from the same class as Mickey so she had a Liverpudlian accent too. Her voice was quite high pitched she was also very energetic. Her gestures and the distance between her and the other characters reflected her affectionate personality and like Mickey she had no sense of personal boundaries but she was a little more gentile than Mickey was! 12-14yrs: Now she was very confident especially towards Mickey. She was constantly telling Mickey that she loved him in public even though he didnt really like it that much. Her gestures were quite sexy towards Mickey as was her movement-swaying her hips as she walked was one example. 18+: Her tone was now a lot more mature and so were her clothes. When she went to go and visit Mickey in prison she always put on a happy face. As she was older she had more responsibilities so she wasnt as energetic and happy as she used to be. Marriage seemed to have trapped Linda and all she wanted to do was to go back to her old carefree life. This was probably why she kissed Eddy because it was like starting again but you could always see that she still really cared for Mickey. Once Mickey was out of jail Linda tried to get close to him and to understand him but he just turned her away. The fact that she stayed with him showed just how much she cared for him. Her body language and gestures towards him werent as confident as they were when she was fourteen. It was Mickey who had the most comical value out of all the characters. When he first made his appearance in Act 1, Scene 2 as a seven year old, fidgeting madly and pulling his jumper over his knees it was really funny. When he was a teenager and he was trying to impress Linda he spoke in a deep voice, which made the whole audience laugh out load! When sadder moments in the play came the lights were usually blue. The final scene of the play was a mixture of passion, fear, tension and sadness. When you were sitting on the edge of your seat wondering who was going to shoot whom, you could sense the tension in the auditorium. You could see the passion between Mickey and Eddy as they found out they were brothers from just looking at their faces and the fear from Mrs. Johnstone and Mrs. , Lyons as they feared that Mickey was going to kill Eddy. I thought that the play was very thought provoking as it made you think about the social injustice of our society today. This social injustice was the plays main theme along with superstition as the narrator frequently quoted superstitions like-new shoes on the table. Social Injustice is the basis of many other plays like Teechers by John Godber. This play sends the message through the ideal of school, and the social injustice at the school. I really enjoyed the play and I would definitely go and see it again. I thought that all of the actors performed their characters brilliantly and showed absolute commitment to their role throughout the whole of the play. They seemed to have got into their characters and know them of by heart.

Installation And Configuration Of Honeyd Computer Science Essay

Installation And Configuration Of Honeyd Computer Science Essay As an Open Source solution honeyd does not offer any support or Graphical User Interface for installation or configuration. The source code should be downloaded on the honeyd host, get compiled and the binary and configuration files of honeyd be installed. Then the Honeyd binary file could be run from the command line prompt of the Linux system used. A second more efficient way is to install the Honeyd package as root with the command: sudo apt-get install honeyd To function correctly, honeyd requires also the following libraries to be installed: libevent: a software library providing asynchronous notification for events libnet: a portable framework/library used for network packet construction libpcap: a framework used for capturing packets passing through a network Honeyd comes with numerous scripts written in the script languages Python and Perl by both NielsProvos and other contributors which can be used to emulate services on the appropriate ports in the virtual honeypots. Although installing and running honeyd might seem quite simple, it is a particularly complicated software tool with a range of command line parameters affecting its behavior. After being correctly installed on our system, the following command is used to start honeyd: honeyd -p /etc/honeyd/nmap.prints -d -f /etc/honeyd/honeyd_thesis.conf In the following, the above parameters used are explained in detail [1]. The first command honeyd instructs the Linux kernel to execute the honeyd binary file. The -p fingerprints option gives the pathname of the Nmap fingerprint file (here: nmap.prints) which contains the Nmap signature database that honeyd uses to emulate different operating systems at the network stack. This will dictate how honeyd will behave towards attackers depending on the emulated operating system. The -d flag allows honeyd to run in debug mode with all the messages getting printed on the current terminal. This mode can be useful when testing honeyd and its functionality on the fly. Omitting this flag will cause honeyd to run as a daemon process in the background. Another important command line parameter which is not used above is the -i flag. This flag is used when the computer system hosting the virtual honeypots has more than one network interfaces. In this case, the -i flag should be used to denote which interface or interfaces will be the ones receiving network traffic for the virtual honeypots. Finally, the -f command line parameter is probably the most important one as it lies at the heart of the honeyd configuration. The -f flag gives honeyd the path name for the configuration file (here: honeyd_thesis.conf) where all information about the virtual honeypots are kept such as which operating systems are used and which services should be emulated on each honeypot. Honeyds configuration file is a simple straightforward text-based file with a context-free-grammar configuration language which can be described in Backus-Naur Form (BNF). Although quite straightforward, it offers a wide variety of options when it comes to configuring the virtual honeypots. Its main role is to specify which are the IP addresses on which the virtual hosts will be running waiting for the attackers probes and what services should be emulated on each one of them. Templates constitute the core of the configuration files for virtual honeypots [3]. Honeyd works via the creation of templates which describe and simulate specific computer systems configured in great detail. The first step taken to create a virtual honeypot is to create a corresponding template which will specify the defining characteristics of the honeypot like the simulated operating system, the ports on which the honeypot will listen and the services being emulated. After that, an IP address will be assigned to the template bringing up the honeypot and operating at that specific network address. The command to create a new template is create and the parameter entered should be a name relative to the system intended to be simulated. Each template should have a different name. A different parameter that can be used is the default one. This can be used in case honeyd does not find any template matching the destination IP address of a packet and it is preferred when there is a need f or assigning a group of IP addresses under a common template rather than assigning each template to a unique address. Following the creation of a template, the configuration commands define how the virtual honeypot will behave. The set and add commands are used to shape the behavior of the configured honeypot. The first characteristic to be defined by the set command is the operating system or personality from the Nmapfingerprint database which will dictate how the computer system will behave at the IP network stack. The personality indicates the form of the responses honeyd will be sending back along with other details such as the TCP sequence numbers, the TCP timestamps and other. It can be chosen from a great number and variety of famous operating systems like Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS, Microsoft Windows, Cisco IOS, etc. The set command can also determine the default behavior of the template regarding the supported network protocols (TCP, UDP, ICMP), i.e. how the template reacts to probes at ports which are unassigned. The action taken can include three options: Open: this signifies that all ports for the particular network protocol are open by default. This setting applies only to TCP and UDP connections Block: this indicates that the ports will ignore any incoming connections and packets directed to them will be dropped by default. Reset: this means that all ports for the specified protocol are closed by default. For a TCP port, honeyd will reply with a TCP RST packet to a SYN packet whereas for a UDP port with a UDP-port unreachable message. Finally, honeyd gives the option to spoof the uptime of a host, referring to the duration of time since the system was first booted. The set uptime command does exactly that. If no uptime is defined, honeyd assumes an arbitrary value up to 20 days. Following the set command is the add set of commands. The add commands constitute the center of the template as they are the ones which signify what applications will be running on each port and which are the services that can be remotely accessed by the outside world. The syntax of the add command requires to specify the network protocol, the number of the port and an appropriate action. As we see in the above configuration, the options open, block and reset that are used for the default behavior of the template can also be used on a per-port basis. The important difference here is that apart from just opening or closing ports, predefined scripts can be called and emulate different services on different ports. This possibility of integrating scripts written in programming languages within the honeyd configuration gives virtual honeypots a high degree of realism. A realistic service to which an adversary can talk can grant much more detailed information about an attacker. Apparently, the more scripts running on ports, the higher the possibilities for interacting with attackers. The following example from our configuration file starts a telnet simulator service for TCP connections on port 23: add Linux1 tcp port 23 /usr/share/honeyd/scripts /unix/linux/suse8.0/telnetd.sh When a remote hosts attempts to establish connection with the above Linux1 template-personality on port 23, honeyd will initiate a new process executing the shell script ./telnetd.sh. The script is receiving input data via stdin and it is sending replies back to the sender via its stdout. Apart from TCP connections, scripts can also be used to interact with remote users through UDP connections. Important to mention is that when honeyd receives a new connection on one of its honeypots port, it forks (starts) a new process which will execute the specified script. This can be at times quite risky as it can lead to a performance bottleneck if the virtual honeypots get overwhelmed with network traffic, e.g. if deployed in a busy network [1]. The last command which should be implemented to configure successfully the virtual honeypot is the bind command whose role is to bind the created template with the IP address on which it will be operating virtually. The Ethernet option for the set command can be used to assign explicitly a unique MAC address to each configured template. As mentioned earlier, physical addresses are essential for network communication and via proxy ARP the honeyd host can reply with its own MAC address to the ARP requests regarding the honeypots. A disadvantage of this is that attackers can easily realize the existence of virtual machines as all the IP addresses of the honeypots will relate to one MAC address. Using the set ethernet command, this risk is wiped out and no need for configuring proxy ARP exists as honeyd takes care of all the ARP procedures [1]. Attention should be given to avoid any MAC address collisions when assigning them to the virtual hosts, as physical addresses should be unique for every system. 2.2.5. Honeyd Logging Information Gathering The Honeyd framework comes with a built-in mechanism for gathering information regarding the connection attempts launched from adversaries targeting the virtual honeypots. Honeyd has the ability to populate files with log information for both connection attempts by attackers and established connections for all protocols. The command used to log the network activity concerning the virtual honeypots is the following: [emailprotected]:/etc/honeypot$ honeyd -p /etc/honeyd/nmap.prints -d -f /etc/honeyd/honeyd_thesis.conf -l thesis.log The -l command line option enables the packet-level logging in honeyd. It only takes one parameter and this is the log file that will be used to create the connection logs. In this case, the log filethesis.log. It is important that the directory in which the log file resides, should have the permission to be writable by the user who is running honeyd. The log file contains information about the time a connection was attempted, the source IP address and port of the attacker attempting to connect, the destination IP address and port of the virtual honeypot under attack, the protocol involved and if the attempt is successful and the connection eventually establishes, the starting and ending point of the connection in time along with other information like the total number of bytes transmitted. The packet-level log files can be extremely useful when used in combination with data mining tools. They can offer a great deal of helpful information regarding the connection attempts launched by adversaries. Scripts written in Perl, Python or other programming languages can extract useful information and statistics from the log files such as the number of IP addresses probing our virtual honeypots on a daily basis, a list with the most common ports to be attacked and other data giving an insight on the scanning activity of the virtual hosts from the potential attackers. This kind of log files can get extremely large over time and care should be taken regarding the processing capabilities of the data mining tools used in each case. Apart from packet-level logging, the option for service-level logging is also provisioned by honeyd [1]. Whereas packet-level logging gives a general view of the overall network traffic handled by the virtual honeypots, service-level log files give a more detailed view on the ongoing sessions. When scripts emulating services on different ports are used in honeypots and these scripts have additional logging capabilities, a great deal of interesting information can be attained about the attackers activities and methods they use to take a system under their control. 2.2.6. Significance of Honeyd As an Open Source low-interaction honeypot, honeyd introduces a great range of interesting features as those were mentioned previously. Being an Open Source software tool indicates that its distribution is free and anyone can have access to the source code [3]. This means that individuals and groups belonging to the network security community can customize and contribute to its source code adding more emulated services which will improve the interaction level between the attacker and the virtual honeypots providing us with even more information about the methods they use to break into systems. Over the next years we can expect an exponential rise in our ability to capture malicious behavior via honeyd. On the other hand, being an Open Source solution, honeyd does not offer any support for maintenance or troubleshooting from an official source. As a low-interaction honeypot honeyd is basically deployed as a production honeypot used to detect and capture network attacks. No real complete operating system is offered but adversaries are limited to the network services emulated by the scripts. As such, honeyd introduces a low risk to organizations for their overall security when introduced [3]. A recognized by the attacker honeypot becomes useless, so camouflaging honeyd is an issue that should be addressed. Xinwen Fu et al. have shown that an adversary can fingerprint honeyd through measuring the latency of the links simulated and proposed a camouflaged honeyd capable of behaving like its surrounding network environment []. Another issue to be addressed is the scripts emulating network services in honeyd. These need to be written by hand and as a result not so many scripts exist. CorradoLeita et al. have proposed a method which can alleviate this issue by automatically creating new scripts []. Finally, the fact that no alerting built-in mechanism exists in honeyd as well as that only command-line interface is offered are two shortcomings of its design. Chao-His Yeh et al. in their work have proposed a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for honeyd offering a variety of interesting features []. 2.3. Dionaea Dionaea [] is an open source low interaction honeypot that can be further categorized into the class of malware collector honeypots. The aim of these low interaction honeypots is to create vulnerabilities on specific services, in order to attract malware exploiting the network and if possible, capture and download a copy of the malware. As nowadays the number of malware attacks is increasing, these copies could be very useful for monitoring and analyzing in a safe environment the behavior of a malware and finding defending security solutions. In literature, two ways of malware analysis have been proposed [], static and dynamic analysis. As their names suggest, static analysis is simply the procedure of reading the code and trying to figure out the intention of the malware, while dynamic analysis includes the execution of the code of malware in a secure manner. Usually, these two types of analysis are combined and the output of the static analysis can be very useful for the dynamic one. The collected malware copies are usually stored in the form of a binary file. Malware collectors such as Dionaea can download a great amount of binaries although in most cases these files may represent the same malware. A binary should have different MD5 hash in order to be characterized as unique []. From the perspective of detection, two types have been proposed: detection of existing malware based on patterns or samples and zero-day detection schemes. Zero-day malware is defined as a malicious software which is not detected by anti-virus programs due to lack of existing virus signatures or other malware detection techniques []. Dionaea is usually referred as Nepenthes [] successor. The main improvements on the features of the new malware collector compared to Nepenthes include [18]: the protocol implementation in python scripting language the use of libemu library for shell code detection instead of pattern matching which requires a copy of the shell code, thus making extremely hard the detection of zero-day malware support for ipv6 addresses and TLS encryption development of the VOIP module 2.3.1. Features of Dionaea As mentioned above, Dionaea developers used python to implement the network protocols. This selection allows for an easier implementation compared to C language for instance. However, the main reason for this choice was to deal with the new generation of malware that utilize API to access services. SMB is the basic protocol supported by Dionaea. The SMB (Server Message Block) protocol works on port 445 [] and is used from Windows operating systems for file and printer sharing over TCP. Akamais [] internet report for the second and third quarter of 2012 (figure 3), shows that port 445 was the most targeted port at this period, as it attracted almost one third of the total network attack traffic. Attack-traffic-of-top-ports.jpg Figure . Percentage of global internet attack traffic during the 2nd and 3rd quarter of 2012, by targeted ports [24] The SMB protocol has known vulnerabilities and it is a common target especially for worms. That is the reason for which it has been selected by the developers of Dionaea as the main protocol and, as it will be shown in the following chapter, most of the captured copies of malware originated from that port. Other important protocols that Dionaea supports are the following: HTTP and secure HTTP (HTTPS) are also supported on port 80 FTP, although the possibility of an attack to an ftp service is rather low.Dionaea supports ftp protocol on port 21. It implements an ftp server which can create directories and also upload/download files TFTP, tftp server is provided on port 69 and is implemented to check the udp connection code MSSQL, Dionaea also emulates a Microsoft SQL server on port 1433. Attackers are able to login to the server but as there is no real database provided by Dionaea, there is no further interaction MYSQL, Dionaea also implements Mysql wire stream protocol on port 3306 SIP, as mentioned above a new module for supporting VOIP was added to Dionaea. The VoIP protocol implemented is SIP. The operation of this module consists in waiting for incoming SIP messages, logging all data and replying accordingly to the requests. Only when malicious messages are detected, Dionaea passes the code to the emulation engine. 2.3.2. Operation of Dionaea The main function of Dionaea is to detect and analyze the offered payload of the attacker in order to gain a copy of the malware. To succeed this, Dionaea offers different ways of interaction with the attacker. For example, it can provide a command prompt cmd.exe window to the attacker and react accordingly to the input commands or use the URLDownloadToFileapi to get a file through http. If the previous operation is successful, Dionaea should know the location of the file that the attacker tries to send and attempts to download the file. One very interesting feature of Dionaea is that it can send the downloaded file to a third party for further analysis than simply storing it on disk. Dionaea is also a great monitoring tool. It records all the activities on the ports it listens but also keeps record of connections to other ports. All these recorded data are kept in a log file in text format. Although we can choose the format of the log file, for instance filter the log messages or sort the events from the most recent to the least recent ones, it is still quite difficult to read and gain useful information. Therefore, Dionaea creates ansqlite database with all the recorded activities and makes it easier for the user to make queries and obtain useful information from the honeypot. From the log file we can retrieve useful data to understand the operation of the honeypot. Dionaea records three types of connections: reject, accept and connect. Connection attempts to the ports that Dionaea does not listen are marked as reject. On the other hand, attempts to monitored ports are marked as either connect or accept. In any case, Dionaea records in the log file and additionally in the sqlite database, valuable information about these connections such as the timestamp of the connection, the IP addresses of the local and remote host and the corresponding ports and protocols. Except of the information about the connections, Dionaea also keeps in database other significant tables such as download tables which contain information about the id of the connection, the url from which the malware was downloaded and also the downloaded md5 hash. 2.3.3. Installation and Configuration of Dionaea The installation of Dionaea requires some basic knowledge of Linux operating systems, as it is important to install all the required dependencies first but there are useful and detailed instructions in the official home page too. Dionaea is a flexible software tool and can be easily configured according to our needs by editing the configuration file. More specifically, in the configuration file we can edit the following: We can change the directory of the log file and more importantly we can reduce the amount of the produced data. By default, Dionaea records every event in the log file. We can filter the output data by changing the levels value from all to only warning, error for example. Dionaea writes the last event at the end of the log file. Thus, it is really useful to rotate this behavior in logging section, so that the last event can be read directly at the first line of the log file. Moreover, we can modify the path of the downloaded binaries and bi-streams folders. Bi-directional streams allow us to replay an attack that Dionaea captured on IP-level. As we mentioned above, with Dionaea we can submit directly the downloaded malware to third parties for further analysis. In the submit section of the configuration file, we can edit all these details. One more interesting feature is that we can manually configure the IP range that Dionaea can listen to and also add ipv6 addresses. By default, Dionaea listens to all the IP addresses it can find. Finally, we can configure the modules section which is considered the most significant of the configuration files. The modules section includes a list of services which Dionaea supports and we can enable or disable some of them. For instance, we can enable and edit the pcap module if we want to keep information about rejected connection attempts or additionally, if we are interested in the operating system of the attackers, we can enable the p0f service. 2.4. Kippo Kippo [] is a medium interaction honeypot which emulates an SSH server. It provides an interaction shell to the intruder while monitoring and recording all the activities. Furthermore, it is designed to monitor brute force attacks. Secure shell (SSH) [] is a network protocol which provides encrypted communication between two devices. SSH allows users to gain access to remote devices through a shell or interactive command line in a secure manner. The port used by SSH protocol by default is 22 [23]. In most cases, a client can access an SSH server by entering a valid username and password through an SSH client tool. From that perspective, SSH servers are vulnerable to password attacks. Especially SSH dictionary or brute force attacks are very common and quite easy to be launched even by unqualified attackers. These types of attacks are based on the fact that many users choose their credentials from a small domain []. Thus, brute force attacks try all the possible username and password combinations until the correct one is found, in an automated way. This attribute could be very useful for SSH server honeypot implementations. In order to have as many successful logins as possible in our SSH honeypot, it is preferred to choose credentials that rely on automated dictionary attack tools. Ciscos white paper about SSH login activity [] shows that for a total of approximately 1,56 million login attempts, username root was used almost in 35 percent of all cases. The following figure depicts the 10 most used usernames according to the results of the research conducted by Cisco. cisco.jpg Figure . Top 10 attempted usernames [28] In addition, other surveys [],[ ] give some interesting information about the most commonly used passwords in connection attempts. The top password combinations include variations of the username such as username or username123 and passwords like 123456 or even password. The results about the usernames used are almost the same like the ones in Ciscos research. 2.4.1. Features of Kippo Kippo is implemented in python language. As we mentioned above, Kippo basically emulates an SSH server on port 22 and logs all login attempts to that port. Whenever a login is successful, Kippo monitors all the input commands of the attacker and replies to these commands in order to convince the attacker that she interacts with a real system. A list of the available commands can be found in Kippos directory. More specifically, the features of Kippo include: a fake file system. The attacker can add or remove files with the appropriate command Kippo saves files that have been downloaded by the attacker with the command wget, in a specific secured folder Kippo gives the ability to the attacker to add fake file contents, using for example the cat command provides fake output for some specific commands such as vi, useradd, etc. tries to fool the attacker with some reactions to specific commands, for instance exit command does not work, which means that the attacker thinks that has disconnected but still can be monitored by kippo. all the sessions are recorded and can be easily replayed with the initial timestamps all records are kept in an sql database. 2.4.2. Operation of Kippo Kippo records all the useful information in a log file but also in ansql database. The main tables of the database include: authentication table, containing information about the login attempt, the timestamp of the attempt and also the usernames and passwords that have been used client table, which contains information about the SSH client version that has been used input table, with information about the input commands that have been entered. Also, in that table we have information about the session id, the timestamp and additionally if the command was successful or not sessions table, containing information about the id of the connection, the duration and timestamp of the connection and the IP address of the attacker sensors table providing information about the ssh server and the IP address of the host finally, the ttylog table which, as mentioned above, contains information about how to replay sessions with the corresponding timestamps 2.4.3. Installation and Configuration of Kippo The installation of Kippo is quite easy if someone follows the instructions of the home page and installs the latest version of the software. In the configuration file of Kippo we can customize the honeypot according to our needs. We can edit the IP of the host if we want to change the default which is 0.0.0.0 and also the listening port which is by default 2222. Port 2222 is an alternate port and may be quite useful for testing purposes but as long as most ssh attacks are detected on port 22, this choice would reduce the number of recorded attempts. Thus, it is necessary to change the default port to 22. To succeed this, we need root privileges to the system but this is not recommended due to security reasons. Instead, port redirection can be used as proposed in Kippos home page or by using other existing solutions, such as authbind []. In addition, in the configuration file we can change the name of the user in the interaction shell. By default, it is sales, which is quite attractive to attackers. Furthermore, we can set the desired password for our server. By default, it is 123456 which as we have shown above, it is included in dictionary attacks and could guarantee a large number of successful logins. Besides that, Kippo creates a dedicated password database, where we can add more valid passwords. Also, some other configurations include the directories of important folders such as the downloaded folder, a fake file system folder and password and input data storage folders. Finally, we can edit the credentials in order to connect Kippo log files with the sql database